In what order do the engine cylinders work on different cars. The order of the engine cylinders - how the heart of your car beats The order of the cylinders of a 6-cylinder engine

For the average car owner, the principle of operation of an engine, for example, a six-cylinder, is something of a magic, interesting only to auto mechanics and racers.

On the one hand, most people really don't need this information. But on the other hand, the lack of this knowledge gives rise to the need to bow to the car service in order to solve the simplest problems.

Knowledge about the structure and operation of the car will be a big plus in the personal business of any car enthusiast. This is especially true of the engine - the most important element and the heart of the iron horse. The internal combustion engine has a lot of varieties - from the type of fuel and ending with small nuances that are unique for each car.

But the essence of the work is about the same:

A combustible mixture (fuel and oxygen, without which nothing will burn) enters the engine cylinder and ignites the spark plugs.
The energy of the explosion of the mixture pushes the piston inside the cylinder, which, when lowering, rotates the crankshaft. When rotating, the crankshaft lifts the next cylinder to the camshaft (which is responsible for supplying the mixture through the valves).

Due to the sequential operation of the cylinders, the crankshaft is in constant motion, generating torque. The more cylinders, the easier and faster the crankshaft will rotate. So a diagram was drawn, familiar even to schoolchildren who are not versed in materiel - more cylinders - a more powerful motor.

Engine operation procedure

To explain it in a simple way, the order of operation of the engine is a verified sequence and interval of operation of its cylinders. As a rule, the engine cylinders do not work strictly in sequence (with the exception of two-cylinder motors). This is facilitated by the "serpentine" shape of the crankshaft.

The order of the engine always starts from the first cylinder. But the further cycle is already different for everyone. Moreover, even for motors of the same type of different modifications. Knowledge of these nuances will be necessary if you want to calibrate the operation of valves or adjust the ignition. Believe me, a request to connect high-voltage wires at a car service will cause a feeling of pity among the masters.

Six-cylinder engine

So we got to the point. The order of operation of such an internal combustion engine will depend on how exactly the 6 cylinders are located. Three types are distinguished here - in-line, V-shaped and opposed.

It is worth dwelling on each in more detail:

Inline engine. This configuration is beloved by the Germans (in cars BMW, AUDI, etc., this engine will be called R6. Europeans and Americans prefer the markings l6 and L6). Unlike Europeans, who almost everywhere left in-line engines in the past, even the fancy X sixth can boast of this type of engine at BMW. The order of work for such 1 - 5 - 3 - 6 - 2 - 4 cylinders, respectively. But you can also find options 1 - 4 - 2 - 6 - 3 - 5 and 1 - 3 - 5 - 6 - 4 - 2 .
V-shaped engine. The cylinders are arranged in three in two rows, intersecting at the bottom, forming the letter V. Although this technology went to the conveyor in 1950, it did not become less relevant, completing the most modern iron horses. The sequence for such engines is 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6. Less often 1 - 6 - 5 - 2 - 3 - 4 .
Boxer motor. Used traditionally by the Japanese. Most often you can find on Subaru and Suzuki. The engine of this arrangement will operate according to the scheme 1 - 4 - 5 - 2 - 3 - 6.

Owning even these schemes, you can correctly adjust the valves. It is not necessary to go into the history of technology development, physical characteristics and complex calculation formulas - let's leave that to the true fans of the topic. Our goal is to learn how to independently do what is generally possible to do on our own. Well, knowledge about the functionality of your motor is a nice bonus.

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An in-line six-cylinder engine is a configuration of an internal combustion power unit in which the cylinders are arranged in a row. They work in the following order - 1-5-3-6-2-4, and the pistons rotate one crankshaft, which is common. These engines are often designated L6 or I6. The plane of arrangement of the cylinders in most cases is vertical or is at a specific angle to the vertical plane.

From a theoretical point of view, the four-stroke version of the I6 is a perfectly balanced configuration with respect to the inertial forces of the tops of the connecting rods and the different orders of the pistons, which combines relatively low complexity and cost of production with reasonably good smoothness. A similar balance is also shown by the V12, which operates like two engines, which are six-cylinder, with one crankshaft, on which the order of operation of a six-cylinder engine can be clearly seen.

But at low crankshaft speeds, slight vibration may be observed, the cause of which is torque ripple. The eight-cylinder in-line power unit, in addition to being completely balanced, shows better torque uniformity than the six-cylinder in-line, but now it is used extremely rarely due to a considerable number of shortcomings.

Motors of the I6 configuration have been used and continue to be used at the moment on tractors, cars, river boats, and also buses. Over the past decades, in passenger cars, due to the widespread use of front-wheel drive systems in which the power unit is located transversely, six-cylinder V-shaped engines have become more popular, since they are shorter and more compact, although they cost more, and their balance and manufacturability are smaller.

The displacement of these engines usually ranges from 2.0 to 5.0 liters. The use of this configuration in power units, the volume of which does not reach two liters, is not justified, since the manufacturing cost is quite high when compared with four-cylinder engines, and the length of the "sixes" is large. But similar cases also happened, for example, the I6 power unit was installed on the Benelli 750 Sei motorcycle, the volume of which was only 0.75 liters.

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The order of operation of the engine cylinders of different cars

In most cases, an ordinary car owner does not need to understand the order of operation of the engine cylinders at all. However, this information is not needed until the motorist has a desire to independently set the ignition or adjust the valves.

Information on the operation of the engine cylinders of a car will certainly be needed if it is necessary to connect high-voltage wires or pipelines in a diesel unit.

In such cases, getting to the service station is sometimes simply impossible, and knowledge about how the engine works is not always enough.

The order of the engine cylinders - theory

The order of operation of the cylinders is the sequence with which the cycles in different cylinders of the power unit alternate.

This sequence depends on the following factors:

number of cylinders;

The gas distribution phase is the moment at which the opening begins and the closing of the valves ends.

The valve timing is measured in degrees of rotation of the crankshaft in relation to the upper and lower dead points (TDC and BDC).

During the working cycle, a mixture of fuel and air is ignited in the cylinder. The interval between ignition in the cylinder has a direct impact on the uniformity of the engine.

The engine runs as smoothly as possible with the smallest ignition interval. This cycle is directly related to the number of cylinders. The larger the number of cylinders, the shorter the ignition interval will be.

The order of operation of the cylinders of engines of different cars

For different versions of the same type of motors, the cylinders can work differently.

For example, you can take the ZMZ engine. The order of operation of the cylinders 402 of the engine is as follows - 1-2-4-3.

But, if we talk about the order of operation of the cylinders of the engine 406, then in this case it is 1-3-4-2.

The shaft elbows are located at a special angle, as a result of which the shaft is constantly under the force of the pistons.

This angle is determined by the stroke rate of the power unit and the number of cylinders.

the order of operation of a 4-cylinder engine with a 180-degree interval between ignition can be 1-2-4-3 or 1-3-4-2;
the operating procedure of a 6-cylinder in-line engine with a 120-degree interval between ignition looks like this: 1-5-3-6-2-4;
the order of operation of an 8-cylinder engine (V-shaped) - 1-5-4-8-6-3-7-2 (90-degree interval between fires).

In every engine layout, regardless of its make, the cylinder order starts with the master cylinder, marked with number 1.

Most likely, the information about the order of operation of the cylinders of a car engine will not be very relevant to you.

We wish you success in determining the order of operation of the engine cylinders of your car.

webavtocar.ru

The order of the engine cylinders on different cars

Such information will certainly be needed if it is necessary to connect high-voltage wires or pipelines in a diesel unit. In such cases, getting to the service station is sometimes simply impossible, and knowledge about how the engine works is not always enough.

Theoretical part

The order of work is the sequence with which there is an alternation of strokes in different cylinders of the power unit. This sequence depends on the following factors:

number of cylinders;
type of cylinder arrangement: V-shaped or in-line;
design features of the crankshaft and camshaft.

Features of the engine duty cycle

What happens inside the cylinder is called the engine duty cycle, which consists of certain valve timing.

The gas distribution phase is the moment at which the opening begins and the closing of the valves ends. The valve timing is measured in degrees of rotation of the crankshaft in relation to the upper and lower dead points (TDC and BDC).

During the working cycle, a mixture of fuel and air is ignited in the cylinder. The interval between ignition in the cylinder has a direct impact on the uniformity of the engine. The engine runs as smoothly as possible with the smallest ignition interval.

This cycle is directly related to the number of cylinders. The larger the number of cylinders, the shorter the ignition interval will be.

Different cars - different working principles

For different versions of the same type of motors, the cylinders can work differently. For example, you can take the ZMZ engine. The order of operation of the cylinders of the 402th engine is as follows - 1-2-4-3. But for the 406 engine, it is 1-3-4-2.

You need to understand that one working cycle of a four-stroke engine is equal in duration to two revolutions of the crankshaft. If you use the degree measurement, then it is 720 °. For a two-stroke engine, it is 360 °.

The elbows of the shaft are located at a special angle, as a result of which the shaft is constantly under the force of the pistons. This angle is determined by the stroke rate of the power unit and the number of cylinders.

4-cylinder engine with 180-degree ignition interval: 1-2-4-3 or 1-3-4-2;
6 cylinder in-line engine with 120 degree ignition interval: 1-5-3-6-2-4;
8 cylinder engine (V-shaped, 90 degree ignition interval: 1-5-4-8-6-3-7-2.

In every engine scheme, regardless of its make, cylinder operation starts from the master cylinder, marked with number 1.

This article on Avtopub.com is located in the "Device" section, with the help of which you can have a general idea of the various components of the entire vehicle.

We wish you success in determining the sequence of the engine cylinders of your machine. We also advise you to pay attention to the article on how to replace the cylinder head gasket.

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21 Operation of a multi-cylinder engine

The order of work of a multi-cylinder engine

depends on the type of engine (cylinder arrangement) and the number of cylinders in it.

In order for a multi-cylinder engine to run smoothly, the expansion strokes must follow at equal angles of rotation of the crankshaft (that is, at regular intervals). To determine this angle, the cycle time, expressed in degrees of crankshaft rotation, is divided by the number of cylinders. For example, in a four-cylinder four-stroke engine, the expansion stroke (stroke) occurs after 180 ° (720: 4) with respect to the previous one, that is, after half a revolution of the crankshaft. Other strokes of this engine also alternate at 180 °. Therefore, the connecting rod journals of the crankshaft in four cylinder engines are located at an angle of 180 ° to one another, that is, they lie in the same plane. The connecting rod journals of the first and fourth cylinders are directed in one direction, and the connecting rod journals of the second and third cylinders are directed in the opposite direction. This shape of the crankshaft provides a uniform alternation of working strokes and a good balance of the engine, since all pistons simultaneously come to the extreme position (two pistons down and two up).

The sequence of alternating strokes of the same name in the cylinders is called the engine operation order. The order of operation of four-cylinder domestic tractor engines 1-3-4-2. This means that after a stroke in the first cylinder, the next stroke occurs in the third, then in the fourth and finally in the second cylinder. A certain sequence is observed in other multi-cylinder engines.

When choosing the order of engine operation, designers strive to distribute the load on the crankshaft more evenly.

Strokes of the same name in a four-stroke six-cylinder engine are performed through a rotation of the crankshaft by 120 °. Therefore, the connecting rod journals are arranged in pairs in three planes at an angle of 120 °. In a four-stroke eight-cylinder engine, strokes of the same name occur after 90 ° of rotation of the crankshaft and its connecting rod journals are located crosswise at an angle of 90 ° to one another.

In an eight-cylinder four-stroke engine, eight strokes of the crankshaft are made in two revolutions of the crankshaft, which contributes to its uniform rotation.

The operating procedure for eight-cylinder four-stroke engines is 1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8, and for six-cylinder engines 1-4-2-5-3-6.

Knowing the order of operation of the engine cylinders, you can correctly distribute the wires to the spark plugs, connect the fuel lines to the injectors and adjust the valves.

22 Forces and moments acting in camshaft of a single-cylinder engine

During the combustion-expansion stroke, the force P1 applied to the piston pin is composed of two forces:

force P of gas pressure on the piston

forces of inertia Pi (force of inertia is variable in magnitude and direction)

The total force P1 can be decomposed into two forces: the force S, directed along the axis of the connecting rod, and the force N, which presses the piston against the cylinder walls.

We transfer the force S to the center of the connecting rod journal, and to the center of the crankshaft we apply two forces equal to the force S and forces S1 and S2 parallel to it. Then the combined action of the forces S1 and S will create (on the shoulder R) a torque that drives the crankshaft into rotation, and the force S2 will load the main bearings and through them will be transmitted to the engine crankcase.

Let us expand the force S2 into two perpendicularly directed forces N1 and P2. Force N1 is numerically equal to force N, but directed in the opposite direction; the combined action of the forces N and N1 forms the moment Nl, which tends to overturn the engine in the direction opposite to the rotation of the crankshaft. Force P2 is numerically equal to force P1 and acts downward, while force P acts on the cylinder head upward, i.e. in the opposite direction. The difference between the forces P and P1 is the force of inertia of the translationally moving masses Pu. This force reaches its greatest value when the direction of movement of the piston changes.

The rotating masses of the connecting rod journal, crank cheeks and the lower part of the connecting rod create a centrifugal force Pc directed along the radius of the crank away from the center of rotation.

Thus, in the crank mechanism of a single-cylinder engine, in addition to the torque arising on the crankshaft, a number of unbalanced moments and forces act, such as:

reactive, or overturning, moment Nl received by the engine mounts through the crankcase

the force of inertia of the translationally moving masses Pu, directed along the axis of the cylinder

centrifugal force of rotating masses Рц, directed along the shaft crank

The lateral force N reaches its greatest value during expansion of gases, when the piston is pressed against the left wall of the cylinder, which explains its usually greater wear.

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Construction machinery and equipment, reference book

Mobile power plants

The order of operation of the four-cylinder and six-cylinder engines

To ensure the smoothest and most balanced operation of the engine, a certain alternation of strokes is established, in which the same strokes do not occur simultaneously in different cylinders.

The sequence of alternating strokes of the same name in the cylinders is called the engine operation order. In a four-stroke, four-cylinder engine, for each half-revolution of the crankshaft, a working stroke is performed. The order of operation of a four-cylinder engine can be as follows: 1-2-4-3 (GAZ-MK engine) or 1-3-4-2 (KDM-100 engine).

In a four-cylinder engine, four working strokes are made in two revolutions of the crankshaft, and in a six-cylinder engine, six.

The working order of the six-cylinder engine can be as follows: 1-5-3-6-2-4; 1-4-2-6-3-5; 1-2-4-6-5-3 or 1-3-5-6-4-2. The most widespread is the first order of work, i.e. 1-5-3-6-2-4. The engines 1D6 of PES-100 mobile power plants operate in this order.

The crankshaft crankshaft of the six-cylinder engine are arranged in pairs at an angle of 120 ° (Fig. 1), therefore the working strokes overlap each other by 60 °, thereby achieving uniform engine operation.

In an eight-cylinder, four-stroke engine, the crankshaft cranks are arranged in pairs at a 90 ”angle (720 °: 8 = 90 °).

Although multi-cylinder in-line engines provide uniform operation, they have a long crankshaft, which leads to significant vibration and an increase in hectares, and, consequently, engine weight. To eliminate the indicated disadvantages, a two-row arrangement of cylinders at an angle of 90 ° is used. Such engines are usually called V-shaped cylinders.

Rice. 1. Scheme of a six-cylinder single-row engine: 1 - main bearings, 2 - connecting rod bearings, 3 - crankshaft cheek.

At DES-200 power plants, V-shaped 1D12 diesel engines with two rows of cylinders (six cylinders in each row) are used as the primary engine. The crankshafts of these diesels have six cranks each.

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The order of work of a 4, 6, 8 cylinder engine

By and large, for us, ordinary motorists, it is not at all necessary to know the order of operation of engine cylinders. Well, it works and it works. Yes, it's hard to disagree with that. It is not necessary until the moment when you do not want to set the ignition with your own hands or do not adjust the valve clearances.

And it will not be at all superfluous to know about the working order of the cylinders of a car engine, when you need to connect high-voltage wires to the spark plugs, or high-pressure pipelines for a diesel engine. And if you start repairing the cylinder head?

Well, you must admit, it will be funny to go to a car service in order to properly install the BB wires. And how did you go? If the engine is troit.

What does the order of the engine cylinders mean?

3D operation of an internal combustion engine

The sequence with which the strokes of the same name alternate in different cylinders is called the order of operation of the cylinders.

What determines the order of operation of the cylinders? There are several factors, namely:

arrangement of engine cylinders: single row or V-shaped,
number of cylinders,
camshaft design,
type and design of the crankshaft.

Engine duty cycle

The engine operating cycle consists of gas distribution phases. The sequence of these phases should be evenly distributed according to the force of action on the crankshaft. It is in this case that the engine runs smoothly.

A prerequisite is that the cylinders operating in series should not be adjacent. For this, engine manufacturers develop schemes for the operation of engine cylinders. But, in all schemes, the order of operation of the cylinders begins its countdown from the main cylinder No. 1.

The order of the cylinders for different engines

For engines of the same type, but of different modifications, the operation of the cylinders may differ. For example, the ZMZ engine. The firing order of the cylinders of the engine 402 is 1-2-4-3, while the firing order of the cylinders of the engine 406 is 1-3-4-2.

If we delve deeper into the theory of engine operation, but so as not to get confused, then we will see the following. The full duty cycle of a 4-stroke engine takes two crankshaft revolutions. In degrees it is equal to 720. A 2-stroke engine has 360 0.

The shaft elbows are displaced at a certain angle so that the shaft is under a constant force of the pistons. This angle directly depends on the number of cylinders and the engine stroke.

The order of operation of a 4-cylinder single-row engine, the alternation of strokes occurs after 180 0. Well, the order of operation of the cylinders can be 1-3-4-2 (VAZ) or 1-2-4-3 (GAZ).
The order of operation of a 6-cylinder in-line engine is 1-5-3-6-2-4 (the interval between ignition is 120 0).
The order of operation of the 8-cylinder V-shaped engine 1-5-4-8-6-3-7-2 (interval between ignition 90 0).
There is, for example, the order of operation of a 12-cylinder W-shaped engine: 1-3-5-2-4-6 are the left heads of the cylinder block, and the right ones: 7-9-11-8-10-12

In order for you to understand all this order of numbers, consider an example. For an 8-cylinder ZiL engine, the order of operation of the cylinders is as follows: 1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8. The cranks are located at an angle of 90 °.

That is, if a working cycle occurs in 1 cylinder, then after 90 degrees of crankshaft rotation, the working cycle occurs in cylinder 5, and sequentially 4-2-6-3-7-8. In our case, one turn of the crankshaft is equal to 4 working strokes. The conclusion naturally suggests itself that an 8-cylinder engine runs smoother and more evenly than a 6-cylinder one.

Most likely, you will not need a deep knowledge of the order of operation of the cylinders of your car's engine. But it is necessary to have a general idea of this. And if you think about making repairs, for example, the cylinder head, then this knowledge will not be superfluous.

I wish you success in studying the order of operation of the cylinders of your car's engine.

how.qip.ru

The order of work 4, 6, Eight cylinder motor - just about the complex.

By and large, for us, ordinary motorists, it is not at all necessary to know the order of operation of the engine cylinders. Well, it works and it works. Yes, it's hard to disagree with that. It is not necessary until the moment when you do not want to set the ignition with your own hands or do not adjust the valve clearances. And it will not be superfluous to know about the operation of the car engine cylinders when you need to connect high-voltage wires to the spark plugs, or high-pressure pipelines for a diesel engine. ... And if you start repairing the cylinder head? Well, you see, it will be fun to go to a car service in order to properly install the explosive wires. Well, how can we go? If the engine is troit. What does the order of operation of the engine cylinders mean? The sequence with which the strokes of the same name alternate in different cylinders is called the order of operation of the cylinders. What determines the order of operation of the cylinders? There are several circumstances, but directly: -location of engine cylinders: single-row or V-shaped; -number of cylinders; -camshaft design; -type and design of the crankshaft. Motor duty cycle The motor duty cycle consists of gas distribution phases. The sequence of these phases should be evenly distributed according to the force of action on the crankshaft. Directly in this case, uniform operation of the motor occurs.It is an indisputable condition that the cylinders, working alternately, should not be near. For this, engine manufacturers are developing schemes for the operation of engine cylinders. But, in all schemes, the order of operation of the cylinders begins its countdown from the head cylinder No. 1. In engines of the 1st type, but of different modifications, the operation of the cylinders may differ. For example, the ZMZ engine. The order of operation of the cylinders of the motor Four hundred and two is 1-2-4-3, while the order of operation of the cylinders of the motor Four hundred and six is 1-3-4-2. If you delve into the theory of the operation of the motor, but so that don't get confused, we will see the following: The full duty cycle of a 4-stroke engine takes two crankshaft revolutions. In degrees, this is equal to 72 °. On a 2-stroke motor 360 °. The knees of the shaft are shifted to a certain angle so that the shaft is under a constant force of the pistons. This angle directly depends on the number of cylinders and the stroke of the engine. The order of operation Four cylinder motors, single row, the alternation of strokes occurs after 180 °, but the order of operation of the cylinders can be 1-3-4-2 (VAZ) or 1-2-4- 3 (GAS). The operating order of the 6-cylinder in-line engine is 1-5-3-6-2-4 (the interval between ignition is 120 °). Operating order Eight cylinder V-type motor 1-5-4-8-6-3-7-2 (ignition interval 90 °) There is, for example, operating order Twelve cylinder W-type motor: 1-3-5- 2-4-6 are the left heads of the cylinder block, and the right ones: 7-9-11-8-10-12 In order to make this whole order of numbers clear to you, consider an example. For an eight-cylinder ZIL engine, the order of operation of the cylinders is as follows: 1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8. The cranks are located at an angle of 90 °. In other words, if a working cycle occurs in One cylinder, then after ninety degrees of crankshaft rotation, the working cycle occurs in cylinder 5, and alternately 4-2-6-3-7-8. In our case, one turn of the crankshaft is equal to Four strokes. Naturally, the conclusion suggests itself that an eight-cylinder engine works smoother and more evenly than a 6-cylinder. Most likely, you will not need the deepest knowledge of the order of operation of the cylinders of your car's engine. But it is necessary to have a general idea of this. And if you are thinking of making repairs, for example, the cylinder head, then this knowledge will not be superfluous. You will be successful in researching the order of operation of the cylinders of your car's engine.

Usually, car owners do not think about the order of activity of the cylinders of their car's engine, limiting themselves to knowing the number of such. And in most cases, there is simply no need to go into such technical details. But information about the operation of the cylinders turns out to be useful when, for example, you need to set the ignition or adjust the valves, in other situations of self-adjustment and repair, when you need to fix the car without the ability to get to the service station, or just if you want to do everything yourself. Next, we will find out what the 4-cylinder engine works in and how it works for some of the other layouts.

Internal combustion engine theory

The general principle of operation of engines running on gasoline or diesel fuel is known, perhaps, to everyone - fuel, burning in the cylinders, creates a pressure of gases that push the pistons, and then the force is converted into torque going to the wheels.

In order for the engine to work evenly, the combustion of fuel does not occur in all cylinders at the same time, but in a certain order. Responsible for its observance:

gas distribution mechanism design;
the angles between the crankshaft cranks of the car;
arrangement of cylinders - V-like or in-line;
the device of the ignition system for gasoline cars, and fuel injection pumps - for diesel ones.

How is the working cycle

The entire process of fuel injection, ignition, piston operation and exhaust gas emission is called a "duty cycle". Let's consider it on the example of a gasoline four-stroke internal combustion engine, standard for many cars.

The cycle, as the name implies, is divided into four work steps:

Inlet.

In this state, the intake valve is open, the exhaust valve, on the contrary, is closed, the piston goes downward, and the prepared air-fuel mixture enters the cylinder.

Compression.

All cylinder valves are closed, and the piston moves up and compresses the previously injected mixture to the specified parameters.

Working stroke.

The valves are still open and the mixture is ignited to form gases. Their pressure begins to move the piston downward, and the latter rotates the crankshaft.

Release.

At the end of the working stroke, the exhaust valve opens, the crankshaft moves the piston up, and it displaces the exhaust gases into the exhaust manifold.

Process illustration:

Interesting: the diesel engine has a different cycle. At the intake, only air is sucked in, and the fuel is injected by means of a high-pressure fuel pump after the air mass in the cylinder has been compressed. Contacting with air heated from compression, diesel fuel ignites.

To ensure stable and continuous operation, the fuel in the cylinders (sometimes called "pots") is ignited in a specific sequence. The order of operation of the engine must be observed in order to create a uniform effect on the crankshaft.

Sequence of cylinders

Cylinders are numbered, in the documentation they are described in the format A-B-C-D, where a numerical designation is indicated instead of letters. The numbering sequence starts from the chain or timing belt side, from the cylinder farthest from the gearbox. The one with the number 1 is called the main one.

Important: if the cylinders are running in series, they should not be located side by side. It is with this condition in mind that motor manufacturers have developed certain timing patterns.

The cylinders are equipped with valves through which gases are in and out. The valves are controlled by a special device - a camshaft, on the surface of which special cams are located in a special way. It is their location that is responsible for the order of operation: the cam profile and its height affect the closing-opening moments, the size of the cross-section of the passage for gases, as well as how the valve will move depending on the current crankshaft angle.

One of the camshaft options:

Crankshaft:

The cycle of a standard ICE for 4 strokes takes 2 revolutions, or 720 degrees (360 and 360). The "rings" located on the shaft are displaced by a certain angle so that the force from the engine pistons is constantly transmitted to the shaft. The mentioned angle is a value depending on the engine model, its stroke rate, and the number of cylinders.

Let's consider the typical order for some engines.

Inline 4-cylinder

There are two popular layouts of such internal combustion engines:

in-line;
opposed.

The first means the arrangement of the cylinders in series, in one row, and the engine pistons rotate the common crankshaft. Engines are often described by the abbreviation I4 or L4, you can also find the name Inline 4 and variations. Engineers position the cylinders both vertically and at a certain angle, depending on the design of the engine.

Cylinder block example:

This cylinder arrangement has become widespread in mass-produced car models, as well as in those vehicles where ease of maintenance and repair is important - SUVs, cars designed to work in taxis, etc.

The cranks of 1 and 4 cylinders in the design of the crankshaft of an in-line four-cylinder engine are located at an angle of 180 degrees, and at an angle of 90 to the cranks of cylinders 2 and 3. To create an optimal ratio of driving forces acting on the cranks, the engines operate in the sequences:

system 1–2–4–3 - less popular;
basic option 1-3-4-2.

Of domestic cars, the operation of a four-cylinder engine of the second type is used, for example, in the products of the VAZ concern, and the first is relevant for some ZMZ engines.

4-cylinder opposed layout

In such a motor, the "pots" are placed in two rows at 180 degrees. This allows the power unit to be balanced and the center of gravity is lowered, and the crankshaft receives less stress. Due to this, a motor of a similar layout, with the same mass, produces more power and revs taken off.

The cylinders in these internal combustion engines work according to a different scheme: the main 1-3-2-4, and the alternative 1-4-2-3.

Here the pistons reach the so-called. Top dead center, often shortened to TDC, on both sides simultaneously.

Interesting: there are cars with V-shaped units for 4 cylinders, but such samples are relatively rare on the market, the bulk are in-line and opposed.

Five-cylinder

These are units with 5 cylinders in a row. The relative displacement of the crankshaft connecting rod journals is 72 degrees. There are both two- and four-stroke samples, for the first (2 strokes) the standard procedure for the optimal operation of the cylinder block for these engines is the activation sequence 1–2–4–3–5. It ensures uniformity of fuel combustion. These motors are widely used in marine engineering.

On passenger cars, engineers report a different order of operation of the "pots" of 5-cylinder typical engines - the system 1–2–4–5–3.

Cylinder block:

How ICE V6 work

For efficiency, the operating procedure of today's six-cylinder engines is also built according to a special system. The typical operating procedure for an in-line 6 cylinder engine is method 1–5–3–6–2–4. In the considered form factor, the power unit turns out to be quite long and requires a large engine compartment.

To reduce the size, a "ve-like" system is sometimes used. Scheme of the order of work of the "pots" of 6-cylinder modern engines, V-shaped form factor - the sequence of activation is 1-4-2-5-3-6.

Interesting: the six-cylinder design in question is considered one of the least balanced.

A unit from Audi for which the specified operating procedure of a V-shaped six-cylinder automobile engine is relevant:

ICE for 8 cylinders

Due to the size, the engines are made in a V-configuration.

Eight-cylinder engine from Chevrolet:

Possible operating procedure for an eight-cylinder engine in a modern car:

option 1–5–4–2–6–3–7–8 - basic;
principle 1-8-4-3-6-5-7-2 is another variation.

The difference is imaginary and was due to the difference in the number of cylinders. In the USA, cylinder 1 is located in the front in the direction of travel, on the left, and in the European system, on the right. The cylinders are numbered in a staggered sequence, backward and left to right, so both classifications represent, in fact, the same thing, which is illustrated by the diagram:

The interval between fuel ignition is 90 degrees.

How to determine the order

To find out in what scheme the motor works, it is necessary to study the documentation for the car and a specific power unit; it is difficult to visually determine this.

The order of work of a multi-cylinder engine

depends on the type of engine (cylinder arrangement) and the number of cylinders in it.

When choosing the order of engine operation, designers strive to distribute the load on the crankshaft more evenly.

In an eight-cylinder four-stroke engine, eight strokes of the crankshaft are made in two revolutions of the crankshaft, which contributes to its uniform rotation.

The operating procedure for eight-cylinder four-stroke engines is 1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8, and for six-cylinder engines 1-4-2-5-3-6.

Knowing the order of operation of the engine cylinders, you can correctly distribute the wires to the spark plugs, connect the fuel lines to the injectors and adjust the valves.

22 Forces and moments acting in camshaft of a single-cylinder engine

During the combustion-expansion stroke, the force P1 applied to the piston pin is composed of two forces:

force P of gas pressure on the piston

forces of inertia Pi (force of inertia is variable in magnitude and direction)

The total force P1 can be decomposed into two forces: the force S, directed along the axis of the connecting rod, and the force N, which presses the piston against the cylinder walls.

Let us expand the force S2 into two perpendicularly directed forces N1 and P2. Force N1 is numerically equal to force N, but directed in the opposite direction; the combined action of the forces N and N1 forms the moment Nl, which tends to overturn engine in the direction opposite to the rotation of the crankshaft. Force P2 is numerically equal to force P1 and acts downward, while force P acts on the cylinder head upward, i.e. in the opposite direction. The difference between the forces P and P1 is the force of inertia of the translationally moving masses Pu. This force reaches its greatest value when the direction of movement of the piston changes.

Thus, in the crank mechanism of a single-cylinder engine, in addition to the torque arising on the crankshaft, a number of unbalanced moments and forces act, such as:

reactive, or overturning, moment Nl received by the engine mounts through the crankcase

the force of inertia of the translationally moving masses Pu, directed along the axis of the cylinder

centrifugal force of rotating masses Рц directed along the shaft crank

The lateral force N reaches its greatest value during expansion of gases, when the piston is pressed against the left wall of the cylinder, which explains its usually greater wear.

Many car owners do not seek to delve into the principle of operation of the main devices of the car, considering this the lot of specialists from car repair shops. On the one hand, this statement is true, on the other hand, without understanding at least the basic processes, it is easy to miss a breakdown at the very initial stage, and it is difficult to make minor repairs. Often, engine failure occurs far from places where you can get qualified help, and certain knowledge will not interfere.

One of the key concepts in engine operation is the order of the cylinders. This is understood as the sequence of alternating measures of the same name in them. This indicator differs depending on the following features:

Number of cylinders (in modern engines - 4, 6 or 8)
Arrangement (double row V or single row)
Design features, both camshaft and crankshaft

The engine duty cycle is a certain stable sequence of gas distribution phases occurring inside these devices, which are not located next to each other. This ensures a stable impact on the crankshaft without undue stress.

The sequence of cylinders in which the gas distribution phases occur is determined by the scheme of the order of work laid down in the design. The cycle always starts with the master cylinder No. 1, and then, depending on the version, may differ: for example, 1-2-4-2 or 1-3-4-2.

Sequence of work for different models

The purpose of the action of each piston is to turn the crankshaft at a given angle while observing a certain stroke. For example, a full cycle of a four-stroke engine provides two full crankshaft turns, and a two-stroke engine provides one. The most common schemes are:

In-line four-cylinder engine, alternating strokes every one hundred and eighty degrees: 1-3-4-2 or 1-2-4-3
In-line six-cylinder engine: 1-5-2-6-2-4 (turning one hundred and twenty degrees each time)
V-shaped eight-cylinder: 1-5-4-8-6-3-7-2 (turning ninety degrees each time). After the gas distribution phase in the cylinder # 1 ends, the crankshaft, having turned ninety degrees, immediately falls under the action of the cylinder # 5. One full turn requires four working strokes

The number of cylinders directly affects the smoothness of the ride - it is obvious that the eight-cylinder, with its 90 degrees, runs smoother than the four-cylinder. In practice, this knowledge will be useful when

In what order do the engine cylinders work on different cars. The order of the engine cylinders - how the heart of your car beats The order of the cylinders of a 6-cylinder engine

Engine operation procedure

Six-cylinder engine

The order of operation of the engine cylinders of different cars

The order of the engine cylinders - theory

The order of operation of the cylinders of engines of different cars